LIF and neoplasm: CX3CL1 upregulated the secretion of multiple chemoattractants involved in the trafficking and differentiation of myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in the tumor including high levels of CXCL1, G-CSF, IL-6, LIF (another member of the IL-6 family), CXCL2 (also known as macrophage inflammatory protein-2 alpha or MIP-2α), and CCL5 (also known as RANTES) (Figure 5D).