CX3CL1 and neoplasm: The CX3CL1-CX3CR1 axis activates multiple oncogenic programs in the tumor including PI3K/Akt, ERK, EGFR, p38, β-integrin, MMP2/9/14, ICAM, VCAM, JAK/STAT, MAPK, ICAM and p38 (14, 19–36).