AKT1 and pulmonary arterial hypertension: The pathogenesis of PAH is complex and involves various factors, including vasoactive molecules (ET-1, Ang, PG, NO, etc.), ion channels (K+ channel, Ca2+ channel, and new cation channels), signaling pathways (MAPK pathway, PI3K/AKT pathway, Notch pathway, etc.)(Shafiq et al., 2021; Zhang et al., 2022), apoptosis resistance, oxidative stress, inflammation, and immune dysregulation (Norton et al., 2020).