IGF1 and viral infectious disease: In the common pathways of the middle and late stages, we identified pathways related to IGF signaling ("Regulation of IGF transport and uptake by IGFBPs"), inflammation ("Innate immune system," "Interleukin-12 signaling," "Viral infection"), stress response ("Cellular responses to stress"), and metabolism ("Metabolism of carbohydrates") (Fig. 5C).