Since microglial dysmorphology and elevatedpro-inflammatory cytokines are associated with cognitive dysfunction,45 we suggested that the increasing IBA1 and CD68in the hippocampus may be responsible for impaired cognitive functions.Nevertheless, similar outcomes were observed between A and AS groups,suggesting that d-galactose administration caused neuroinflammationand cognitive impairment, and the CUMS stimulation would not deterioratethem. Here, AIF1 is linked to Cognitive impairment.