TBC1D32 and retinitis pigmentosa 1: Therefore, to validate TBC1D32 as a putative RP causative gene, we combined animal and human disease modeling by (i) performing hypomorphic knockdowns in an in vivo Xenopus model and (ii) generating induced pluripotent stem cell–derived (iPSC-derived) RPE and retinal organoids from a patient with RP carrying TBC1D32 variants.