We analyzed the expression of critical regulators of angiogenesis, VEGF, PlGF, and VEGFRs in the serum of offspring from PELS dams (P5-PELS) and their controls, as well as in human umbilical vein plasma (fetal plasma) from normal pregnancy and preeclampsia (Figure 4A; Table S2 for clinical characteristics). This evidence concerns the gene PGF and preeclampsia.