TNF and endometriosis: In addition, copper is implicated in the activation of many other pro-angiogenic factors, such as fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), SOD1, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8 (Wang et al., 2023); for example, the number of blood vessels in tetrathiomolybdate-treated endometriosis-induced mice was much smaller than that in controls because copper depletion limits FGF2 mRNA expression (Delsouc et al., 2021).