TNF and acute liver failure: In lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-D-galactosamine-induced acute liver failure, diosgenin reduced serum liver enzyme levels and hepatic levels of ROS, malondialdehyde (MDA), and inflammatory mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), in addition to a reduction in the activity of myeloperoxidase, as a marker of neutrophil infiltration.