In Neuroblastoma, the increase in ADAM11 expression is associated with increased expression of Smad1 and 5 (Here mRNA expression rather than Phosphorylation) and decreased expression of Sox3, similar to what we observed when overexpressing ADAM11 in naïve ectoderm in Xenopus embryos (Figure 8) suggesting that in Neuroblastoma ADAM11 positive regulation of BMP4 signaling could lead to the repression of neural differentiation markers (Sox2 and 3) resulting in more naïve cells. This evidence concerns the gene SMAD1 and neuroblastoma.