A study conducted in 2014 Caucasian LC patients and 1323 healthy controls showed that the G allele of the MMP-12 1082 A/G polymorphism was associated with higher risk of LC in men (OR=1.51[95%CI=1.04–2.09]; A/G + G/G versus A/A), but not in women, indicating G allele was risk allele (134) (Table 4). This evidence concerns the gene MMP12 and laryngotracheoesophageal cleft.