INS and gestational diabetes: These findings indicate that other factors changing during mid-late pregnancy, such as insulin levels which may be affected by GDM treatment, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels which is bound to fT to form TT, placental aromatase, and increasing gestational weight, may affect mid-late pregnancy testosterone levels and thus the relationship between GDM and mid-late pregnancy testosterone levels (30, 75–77).