The ProLNG-001 group displayed approximately double the percentage of IFN-γ and TNF-α-secreting CD8+ T cells compared to the antigen-only group, indicating a higher ratio of antigen-specific effector T cells secreting anti-tumor cytokines in the spleen, which may be associated with tumor growth regression (Figure 5d, Supplementary Figure S9). Here, IFNG is linked to neoplasm.