In a smaller randomized, placebo-controlled trial, influenza vaccination one week before a coronary artery bypass grafting operation, caused a substantial reduction in proinflammatory cytokine levels (IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α), whereas the anti-inflammatory marker IL-10 was five-fold increased in vaccinated patients, attenuating the inflammatory response related to the procedure [71]. Here, CXCL8 is linked to influenza.