As modulation of cytokine secretion seems pivotal, a possible disease-modifying effect of influenza vaccination could also play a role in other conditions characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation or autoimmunity, such as type 2 diabetes and migraine, in which elevation of cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10, are associated with disease progression [124,125]. Here, TNF is linked to influenza.