Previous applications of P2X7 biologics with inhibitory activity in vivo have been limited to the use of an anti-mP2X7 mAb (clone 1F11) to reduce colitis [23] and anti-mP2X7 nanobodies to ameliorate dermatitis or glomerulonephritis [56] and stroke lesions [57] in mice, while another study has demonstrated the use of capsid-modified adeno-associated viral vectors to deliver anti-mP2X7 nanobodies in vivo to reduce tumour growth in mice [58]. Here, P2RX7 is linked to glomerulonephritis.