PTGS2 and cancer: The other major mechanism of action is the control of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through anti-oxidant activity along with the control of prostaglandins (such as prostaglandin E2-PGE2), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukins, etc. Different types of cancers, such as breast, prostate, pancreatic, colorectal, etc., were also studied to understand the effect of curcumin, and many pilot, clinical studies were successfully conducted to detect and establish the therapeutic effects of curcumin and its various formulations [52].