TNF and irritable bowel syndrome: Since most cell and animal studies indicate that GMP has anti-inflammatory properties (suppressing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-6 [134,135,136,137,139,141,142,143,144,145,147,148] and promoting the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10 [136,138,140,148]), GMP supplementation may help treat individuals with chronic inflammation, including people with IBS.