VSIR and neoplasm: Inhibition of nuclear PD-L1 expression led to downregulation of genes involved in evading immune surveillance, such as PDCD1LG2 (encoding PD-L2), VSIR (encoding VISTA), and CD276 (encoding B7-H3), which enhance cytotoxic T-lymphocyte depletion and promote tumor aggressiveness, distant metastasis, and resistance to PD-L1/PD-1 blockade therapy [18,19,38] (Figure 2).