TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: TLR-4 activation stimulates JNK, which, in turn, promotes the production of cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1, interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a, chemokines, and other proinflammatory compounds (Hypothalamic Inflammation and Gliosis in Obesity).