We used the betweenness centrality algorithm to identify genes strongly associated with cuproptosis in the patients who progressed from NASH to HCC, resulting in TOP5 genes (CRP, CRC, TAT, CXCL10, and ACTA1) being core genes (Figure 7b); details are shown in Supplementary Table S4. The gene discussed is ACTA1; the disease is metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.