TNF and coronary artery disorder: In a prospective study with 1514 participants and a meta-analysis of 29 studies with approximately 17,000 participants, Kaptoge et al. [66] studied the roles of five pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and IL-18, MMP-9, sCD40L, and TNF-α in coronary heart disease and concluded that higher baseline levels of IL-6, IL-18, and TNF-α were associated with a 10–25% higher risk of non-fatal myocardial infarction and CV death, whereas sCD40L and MMP-9 did not show any such association.