TNF and injury: Ursolic acid has significantly helped in reducing intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) P65, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and matrix metalloproteinase-(MMP)-9 in a subarachnoid hemorrhage brain injury model in rats [87,88].