CXCL12 and breast carcinoma: In breast cancer cells, secreted LOXL2 enhances lymphatic endothelial cell invasion through AKT and ERK signalling and stimulates fibroblasts to secrete pro-lymphangiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) and stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1α) [50].