NFKB1 and neoplasm: Previous studies have demonstrated that the capsid of eCPMV is recognized by Toll-like receptors (TLR2 and TLR4) at the plasma membrane, triggering downstream signaling cascades involving the adaptor protein MyD88, ultimately activating the NF-κB pathway [26] in order to induce pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-tumor efficacy.