PPARA and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis: Additionally, the hepatic mRNA or protein levels of β-oxidation genes (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α [PPARα], proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α [PGC-1α], and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 [CPT1]) were unaffected in NASH mice compared to CON mice; however, mRNA levels of PGC-1α and CPT1 notably increased in NASH + LPJZ-658 mice (Figure 2D–F).