TGFB1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Furthermore, CSF was shown to reverse myocardial fibrosis in T2DM rats and HFD rats by reducing the level of the TGF-β1 and alleviating myocardial inflammation via down-regulating the expression of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, accompanied by the increase in left ventricular systolic pressure, a decrease in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, and elevation of TC, TG, HDL, as well as free fatty acid (FFA) [35], which suggested that the protective effects of CSF on diabetic cardiomyopathy might be partially ascribed to the regulation of TGF-β signal.