LEP and hypertensive disorder: CSF was shown to improve leptin resistance by down-regulating leptin level and the expression of p-PI3K, suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3), and protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) while up-regulating the expression of p-STAT3, leptin receptor, and pro-opiomelanocortin in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hypertension rats [47].