TNF and cancer: Additionally, stromal influences are known to contribute significantly to both the evasion of immune surveillance and enhanced chemotherapeutic resistance of cancer cells [15,16], which are largely attributed to the increased production of several stromal derived chemokines, cytokines [17,18], that include tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) [19], interleukin-6 (IL-6) [20], transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) [21], and interleukin-10 (IL-10) [22], and growth factors.