In accordance, neurons within diverse nuclei and subnuclei of the BNST were demonstrated to co-express a variety of neuropeptides, such as corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and neuropeptide Y [59], and the dysfunction of these neuropeptides may contribute to stress reactions, anxiety, and depression, which can be observed during nicotine withdrawal [43]. Here, NPY is linked to major depressive disorder.