TNF and neoplasm: In this regard, recent research has shown that colon cancer cells release a spectrum of factors into the TME, including TNF-α, interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), MMP1, and tumor-derived miRNAs that may contribute to this process (Figure 3) [1,29].