TNF and Alzheimer disease: The elevated mean level of IL-9 in the MCI/AD serum is noteworthy because an increased expression of IL-9 and IL-12p40 mediated by TNF-α correlates with higher rates of MCI-to-AD conversion [73], and it was found to be associated with modestly elevated IL-9 levels in the CSF of asymptomatic patients with neurofibrillary tangle brain pathology [132].