TNF and Alzheimer disease: Among the twelve pro-inflammatory factors, five (42%) were significantly increased (IL-1β, IL-5, IL-13, IL-17a, and TNF-α) (Figure 2, Figure 3 and Figure 4), four (33%) were significantly reduced (GM-CSF, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-15) (Figure 2 and Figure 3), and three (25%) were either trend-wise altered or unchanged (IL-9, G-CSF, and IL-12p70) in the MCI/AD relative to control sera.