IL4 and Alzheimer disease: Among the fifteen cytokines, six (40%) were significantly altered in the MCI/AD CSF as follows: four cytokines that promote neuroinflammation, injury, or neurodegeneration (IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13) were significantly elevated, and one with neuroprotective effects (GM-CSF) and two with pro-injury/pro-inflammatory properties (IL-17a and IL-6) were reduced (Figure 5, Figure 6 and Figure 7).