MAPT and Alzheimer disease: It was observed that HNSS targeted mitochondria in the mouse brain, effectively rescuing mitochondria dysfunction via the PGC-1α and STAT3 pathways; neutralized AD-neurotoxic proteins, Aβ deposition, and tau hyperphosphorylation; and ameliorated memory defects and cholinergic neuronal damage in the 3xTg-AD mice [216].