FOXO3 and posterior cortical atrophy: Dey and colleagues [164] found that ERβ regulates apoptosis in PCa cells by upregulating the transcription of forkhead box O3 (FOXO3a), which in turn increases the p53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA) in a p53-independent manner and triggers apoptosis via the intrinsic pathway and caspase-9.