DCN protein is also thought to act as a tumour suppressor using various mechanisms, including the inhibition of TGFβ signalling, resulting in the inhibition of proliferation, the phosphorylation of EGFR, which subsequently results in increased P21 expression through Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) signalling, and ultimately apoptosis through the release of caspase 3 [41]. This evidence concerns the gene CASP3 and neoplasm.