The TGFβ signaling pathway and the PI3 Akt signaling pathway are two of three highlighted pathways (Ras homologous signaling being the third) by Kidacki et al. [49], as having important modifications, and are involved in the pathogenesis, invasion and metastasis of HNSCC. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.