Primary EC cells derived from patient biopsies are closer to an accurate representation of EC tumor cells, retaining stem-like phenotypes, and their protein and transporter expressions are similar to the in vivo state [96,97].The validation here, that AQP1 ion channel blockers inhibited invasiveness in primary cancer cells from human biopsies as well as the EC cell lines, suggests both preparations have value for drug discovery efforts. This evidence concerns the gene AQP1 and cancer.