TNF and Cerebral ischemia: In the context of cerebral ischemia, increased expression levels of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), NF-κB p65, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-1 beta (IL-1β) were observed, but resveratrol was able to attenuate the activity of all these factors [102].