Galectin 3 (Gal3) binding to CHI3L1 activates the AKT/mTOR-mediated transcriptional regulatory network (NF-κB and CEBPβ), leading to an immune suppression and polarization of M2 TAMs, which then activate PD-1 and CTLA-4 to promote tumor progression (Figure 2). Here, CHI3L1 is linked to neoplasm.