Elevated levels pro-inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF-⍺), interleukin-17 (IL-17), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 (IL-1ß), and transforming growth factor (TGF-ß), found in HF were all associated with the dysregulation of several important Ca2+ cycling proteins [84,85]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and hydrops fetalis.