DMD and neuromuscular disease caused by qualitative or quantitative defects of dystrophin: The absence or deficiency of dystrophin due to mutations in the Dystrophin gene leads to spectrum of dystrophinopathies including Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD), and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in humans and animal models [12,13].