Further, levels of mitophagy-related proteins such as BCL2-like 13 (apoptosis facilitator) (Bcl2L13) and PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) downregulated in the hippocampal area of AD patient brains, in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) derived cortical neuronal cultures generated from AD patients, indicative of a defective mitophagy pathway [169]. This evidence concerns the gene PINK1 and Alzheimer disease.