AKT1 and atrial fibrillation: Compared to controls, AF is associated with downregulation of mostly signaling pathways that guide a cellular response to an extracellular signal, including MAPK signaling and Wnt signaling, whereas upregulated pathways include intracellular signaling pathways (PI3KT-akt, Rap1), cellular response to external stimuli (MAPK), and cardiac muscle contraction.