PON1 and metabolic syndrome: As clinical evidence showed non-significant improvement of kidney function or reduction CKD incidence via current dyslipidemia treatments primarily targeting cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibition [4], it is plausible that in addition to HDL-C, other particles, such as sphingosine-1 phosphate, apolipoprotein M, apolipoprotein A-I, or paraoxonase-1, reflecting the functionality of HDL, might also influence kidney health [55–58].