One differentially expressed gene of note was FOXP3, a critical transcription factor in Tregs that is also one of their defining immunological markers: a modest increase in FOXP3 gene expression was observed in T1D cases relative to controls (fold change = 1.42, F = 7.46, P = 0.007; Fig. 2d), and there was a correspondingly small but significant increase in FOXP3 protein expression in T1D cases (fold change = 1.07, F = 7.92, P = 0.006; Fig. 2e). Here, FOXP3 is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.