TNF and graft versus host disease: This expansion process promotes the generation of memory cells and cytotoxic T cells.29 In the case of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the tissue damage and the subsequent viral-induced cytokine storm can establish a proinflammatory state characterized by increased levels of IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-α.30 These elevated cytokine levels may contribute to the development of GVHD.