TNF and colitis: According to Zheng H. et al. (2021), in male C57 mice with acute DSS colitis treated for 28 days with a suspension of PS particles with a diameter of 5 μm, more pronounced histopathological liver damage, increased intestinal permeability, and higher levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, and INF-γ in serum compared to mice with colitis without MPs were observed [15].