Serum GDF-15 levels showed no significant difference between female (n = 3, 1039.33 ± 277.67 pg/mL) and male patients (n = 9, 958.11 ± 364.50 pg/mL; p = 0.734; Figure 4D), nor between patients with comorbid DM (n = 3, 1015.33 ± 278.51 pg/mL) and those without comorbid DM (n = 9, 966.11 ± 365.95 pg/mL; p = 0.837; Figure 4E). Here, GDF15 is linked to diabetes mellitus.