NANP and malaria: Levels of cytophilic antibodies (i.e., IgG1 and IgG3) against CSP antigens were also significantly higher among infants born to mothers with acute PM (e.g., IgG1 against CSP-Ct and CSP-NANP) and to mothers exposed to malaria during pregnancy but with no evidence of PM at delivery (e.g., IgG3 against CSP-Ct, CSP-NANP, and CSP-fl).