Importantly, several antibodies whose levels were significantly modified by PME were found to be associated with differential malaria risk in infancy (e.g., IgG to EBA175, IgG1 to MSP142, IgG3 to MSP5, IgG4 to DBL3-4, and IgG, IgG1, and IgG2 to DBL1-2). The gene discussed is IGHG3; the disease is malaria.