LPA and aortic stenosis: Recently, this association was not confirmed by Kaiser and colleagues, who assessed that Lp(a) might play a role in the initial phase of AS but found no association between Lp(a) levels and the progression of disease; if this evidence is confirmed, the effectiveness Lp(a) of Lp(a)-lowering in affecting the clinical outcomes of AS may be limited to pre-calcific stages of aortic valve disease [95].