Recently, it has been shown, both in an in vitro model of infected human monocyte-derived macrophages on primary lung fibroblasts, and in vivo in 5-week-old female BALB/cJRj-wild-type mice that infections with IAV lead to premature cellular senescence through paracrine induction of TNF-α, and that subsequent infections lead to an increased viral replication (Schulz et al., 2023). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and infection.