TNF and COVID-19: Increased cytokine levels in COVID-19 including IL-1β, IL-6, interferon-inducible protein 10 (IP-10), TNF-alpha, IFN-γ, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP) 1α and 1β, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were observed (Fajgenbaum and June, 2020).