NPPB and acute kidney injury: Chou et al. (2015) measured the NT-proBNP levels 24 h after admission in 163 critically ill patients and showed that changes in NT-proBNP on the day of admission and after 24 h predicted the development of AKI; however, it did not adjust for disease severity and potential cardiac risk factors. Papanikolaou et al. (2014) measured the NT-proBNP concentrations in patients with sepsis and showed that the levels increased during sepsis and septic shock, which was attributed to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and biventricular dysfunction.