TNF and COVID-19: When the relative production of cytokines was compared between the post-COVID-19 control groups, the post-COVID-19 group showed lower relative production of IL-6 (ES = 0.35 Figure 4C) and of TNF-α (ES = 0.73 Figure 4C) when cells were stimulated with PMA plus ionomycin; however when adjusted for MVPA, the differences disappeared.